Where it works

Alberta

What it works out

• 6 tax brackets, from 8% to 15%.
• The basic personal amount, which everyone gets.
• The age amount, once you are 65.
• The pension income amount.
• Credit for the CPP, QPP and EI you actually paid.
• The dividend gross-up and its credit, for money held outside a registered account.

What this tool does not model here

• We count the Alberta Seniors Benefit at the rate for people who own or rent their home. If you live somewhere you pay no rent, or in a continuing care home, Alberta pays a different amount, and this plan does not show it.
• Alberta pays its Seniors Benefit on last year's income. In your plan's first year we use what you told us about last year's income for GIS, which Alberta measures a little differently, so that year can be off by a little. Alberta can also pay a first-time applicant on an estimate of this year's income after a drop; the plan uses last year's.

British Columbia

What it works out

• 7 tax brackets, from 5.6% to 20.5%.
• The basic personal amount, which everyone gets.
• The age amount, once you are 65.
• The pension income amount.
• Credit for the CPP, QPP and EI you actually paid.
• The low-income reduction that can take the tax to nothing.
• The dividend gross-up and its credit, for money held outside a registered account.

What this tool does not model here

• The BC renter's tax credit is not modeled. If you rent your home it pays up to $400 a year, less 2% of family income over $64,764 on the 2025 return, so it is gone at about $85,000. The BC sales tax credit, $75 for you and $75 for a spouse, is not modeled either, and it is gone by $18,750 of income for a single person and $25,500 of family income for a couple. If either reaches you, you receive more than this plan shows, so the estate is a little low rather than a little high.

Manitoba

What it works out

• 3 tax brackets, from 10.8% to 17.4%.
• The basic personal amount, which everyone gets.
• The age amount, once you are 65.
• The pension income amount.
• Credit for the CPP, QPP and EI you actually paid.
• The dividend gross-up and its credit, for money held outside a registered account.

What this tool does not model here

• Manitoba's Family Tax Benefit is not modeled. It is a credit of 10.8% on $2,065 for you, $2,065 more if you are 65 or older, and $2,065 for a spouse with little income of their own, less 9% of your net income: up to $223 a year under 65 and $446 from 65. So it reaches someone under 65 up to about $23,000 of income, and someone 65 or older up to about $46,000. If your income is in that range, this plan shows a little more Manitoba tax than you will pay, so the estate is a little low rather than a little high.
• The Manitoba personal tax credit is not modeled; it is income-tested and paid outside the provincial return. You may receive more than this plan shows, so the estate is a little low rather than a little high.
• Manitoba's 55 PLUS benefit is counted on the same income and in the same years as GIS. Manitoba's own tables pay it in steps, and the plan draws a straight line under them, so it can show up to $7 a year less than Manitoba pays.

New Brunswick

What it works out

• 4 tax brackets, from 9.4% to 19.5%.
• The basic personal amount, which everyone gets.
• The age amount, once you are 65.
• The pension income amount.
• Credit for the CPP, QPP and EI you actually paid.
• The dividend gross-up and its credit, for money held outside a registered account.

What this tool does not model here

• New Brunswick's low-income tax reduction is not modeled. On the 2025 return it is worth up to $802 for you and $802 more for a spouse, and it shrinks by 3 cents for every dollar of family income over $21,920, so it reaches a single person up to about $49,000 of income and a couple up to about $75,000. If your income is in that range, this plan shows more New Brunswick tax than you will pay, so the estate is low rather than high.
• New Brunswick's Low-Income Seniors' Benefit is counted from the plan's second year, the year after one the plan shows you on GIS; whether you can claim it in the first year depends on last year, which the plan does not know.

Newfoundland and Labrador

What it works out

• 8 tax brackets, from 8.7% to 21.8%.
• The basic personal amount, which everyone gets.
• The age amount, once you are 65.
• The pension income amount.
• Credit for the CPP, QPP and EI you actually paid.
• The dividend gross-up and its credit, for money held outside a registered account.

What this tool does not model here

• Newfoundland and Labrador's low-income tax reduction is not modeled. On the 2025 return it is worth up to $997 for you and $557 more for a spouse, and it shrinks by 16 cents for every dollar of family income over $23,928 for a single person or $40,460 for a couple, so it reaches a single person up to about $30,000 of income and a couple up to about $50,000. If your income is in that range, this plan shows more Newfoundland and Labrador tax than you will pay, so the estate is low rather than high.

Northwest Territories

What it works out

• 4 tax brackets, from 5.9% to 14.05%.
• The basic personal amount, which everyone gets.
• The age amount, once you are 65.
• The pension income amount.
• Credit for the CPP, QPP and EI you actually paid.
• The dividend gross-up and its credit, for money held outside a registered account.

What this tool does not model here

• The Northwest Territories cost of living tax credit is not modeled. It is refundable, so it is paid even in a year with no tax to offset, and it is not small: up to $942 a year for each person, the full amount from $66,000 of income, with a supplement for low incomes. You receive more than this plan shows, so the estate is low rather than high.

Nova Scotia

What it works out

• 5 tax brackets, from 8.79% to 21%.
• The basic personal amount, which everyone gets.
• The age amount, once you are 65.
• The pension income amount.
• Credit for the CPP, QPP and EI you actually paid.
• The dividend gross-up and its credit, for money held outside a registered account.

What this tool does not model here

• Nova Scotia refunds the provincial tax of anyone who received the Guaranteed Income Supplement in the year, and the plan counts it; but where that tax is under $50 Nova Scotia pays $50, and the plan pays only the tax, so in such a year you get a little more than it says.
• Nova Scotia's low-income tax reduction is not modeled. It is worth up to $300 for you and $300 more for a spouse, and it shrinks by 5 cents for every dollar of family income over $15,000, so it is gone at $21,000 of income for a single person and $27,000 for a couple. If your income is under that, this plan shows a little more Nova Scotia tax than you will pay, so the estate is a little low rather than a little high.

Nunavut

What it works out

• 4 tax brackets, from 4% to 11.5%.
• The basic personal amount, which everyone gets.
• The age amount, once you are 65.
• The pension income amount.
• Credit for the CPP, QPP and EI you actually paid.
• The dividend gross-up and its credit, for money held outside a registered account.

What this tool does not model here

• The Nunavut cost of living tax credit is not modeled. It is refundable, so it is paid even in a year with no tax to offset, and it is not small: 2% of each person's income, up to $1,500 a year each, the full amount from $75,000 of income. You receive more than this plan shows, so the estate is low rather than high.
• Nunavut's Senior Citizen Supplementary Benefit, paid monthly to someone who gets the Guaranteed Income Supplement, is not counted. In a year the plan shows you on GIS you would get more than it says, and the year your income rises past the GIS line costs you that benefit as well.

Ontario

What it works out

• 5 tax brackets, from 5.05% to 13.16%.
• The basic personal amount, which everyone gets.
• The age amount, once you are 65.
• The pension income amount.
• Credit for the CPP, QPP and EI you actually paid.
• The Ontario Health Premium.
• The low-income reduction that can take the tax to nothing.
• The surtax on top of the basic provincial tax.
• The dividend gross-up and its credit, for money held outside a registered account.

What this tool does not model here

• The Ontario Trillium Benefit, which includes the Ontario sales tax credit and the energy and property tax credit, and the Ontario senior homeowners' property tax grant are not modeled; all are income-tested and paid outside the provincial return. They are not small: a senior who pays rent or property tax can receive over $1,000 a year from the energy and property tax credit alone, and it fades only slowly as income rises. It turns on your rent or property tax, which this plan does not ask, so the estate it shows is low rather than high.

Prince Edward Island

What it works out

• 5 tax brackets, from 9.5% to 19%.
• The basic personal amount, which everyone gets.
• The age amount, once you are 65.
• The pension income amount.
• Credit for the CPP, QPP and EI you actually paid.
• The dividend gross-up and its credit, for money held outside a registered account.

What this tool does not model here

• Prince Edward Island's low-income tax reduction is not modeled. It is worth $350 for you and $350 more for a spouse, plus $250 for each of you born in 1960 or earlier, and it shrinks by 5 cents for every dollar of family income over $23,000 from 2026 ($22,650 on the 2025 return). So it reaches a single person up to about $30,000 of income, or $35,000 from 65, and a couple up to about $37,000, or $47,000 if you are both 65 or older. If your income is in that range, this plan shows more Prince Edward Island tax than you will pay, so the estate is low rather than high.

Quebec

What it works out

• 4 tax brackets, from 14% to 25.75%.
• The basic personal amount, which everyone gets.
• Quebec's amount for essential needs.
• The age amount, once you are 65.
• Quebec's amount for living alone.
• Credit for the CPP, QPP and EI you actually paid.
• Quebec's senior assistance amount, which is refundable.
• Quebec's contribution to the health services fund.
• The federal abatement, which lowers the federal half here.
• Unused credits moved to your spouse's return.
• The dividend gross-up and its credit, for money held outside a registered account.

What this tool does not model here

• The Quebec prescription drug insurance premium is not included. If you are covered by the public plan rather than a private one, you will pay up to $766 a year more than this plan shows, per adult, so treat the estate as that much optimistic.
• The solidarity tax credit and the home-support credit for seniors are not modeled. Both are paid outside the income tax computation and both are income-tested, so in a year of low income you would receive more than this plan shows.
• The tax credit for career extension is not included. If you are 65 or over and still working, Quebec gives you a credit worth up to $1,786 a year that this plan does not count, so your tax before retirement is shown a little high and the estate a little low.

Saskatchewan

What it works out

• 3 tax brackets, from 10.5% to 14.5%.
• The basic personal amount, which everyone gets.
• The age amount, once you are 65.
• The pension income amount.
• Credit for the CPP, QPP and EI you actually paid.
• The dividend gross-up and its credit, for money held outside a registered account.

What this tool does not model here

• Saskatchewan's senior supplementary amount is not modeled. It is a credit on the SK428 itself, claimed at 65 and over, so anyone that age is shown slightly more tax than they owe and slightly less estate than they will have. The refundable low-income tax credit is not modeled either, but that one is paid outside the provincial return, with the GST credit.
• Saskatchewan's Seniors Income Plan is counted, but not its $15 minimum payment: in the last few hundred dollars of income before it stops, you would get up to $15 a month more than the plan says.

Yukon

What it works out

• 5 tax brackets, from 6.4% to 15%.
• The basic personal amount, which everyone gets.
• The age amount, once you are 65.
• The pension income amount.
• Credit for the CPP, QPP and EI you actually paid.
• The employment amount, while you are working.
• The dividend gross-up and its credit, for money held outside a registered account.

What this tool does not model here

• The Yukon Seniors Income Supplement, paid monthly to someone who gets the Guaranteed Income Supplement, is not counted. In a year the plan shows you on GIS you would get more than it says.

Alabama

What it works out

• 3 tax brackets, from 2% to 5%.
• Your 401(k) or 403(b) contributions taken off while you work.
• Your IRA contributions taken off while you work.
• Your federal income tax deducted from state income.
• Retirement income left out, in whole or up to a limit.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• A standard deduction.
• A personal exemption.

What it taxes in full

• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• Alabama does not tax a defined benefit pension at all — a private one as much as a state, federal civil service or military one — and this plan applies that. What it cannot check is whether YOURS is one: the form asks, and a pension you do not classify is treated as a defined benefit plan, which is the generous reading. If yours is a commercial annuity rather than an employer's pension, you will pay more Alabama tax than this shows.
• Money you draw from an IRA, a 401(k), a 403(b) or a 457(b) is not a defined benefit pension however it got there, so it is taxed here even if it started life in a pension you rolled over. That follows the statute, which exempts a payment made UNDER a defined benefit plan, and a rollover has left the plan.
• The $6,000 exclusion at 65 applies to your TAXABLE retirement income, so a defined benefit pension does not use it up — Schedule RS caps the exclusion at the retirement income taxable to Alabama, and an exempt pension never reaches that line. Each of you gets your own $6,000 against your own taxable retirement income.
• Alabama's standard deduction is larger for households below about $35,500 of income, on a sliding chart. This plan uses the smallest amount, so below that level it shows a little more Alabama tax than you would pay.
• Alabama's brackets, deduction, exemptions and $6,000 exclusion are all fixed in the statute and are never adjusted for inflation. This plan shows that correctly, which means your Alabama tax rises in real terms every year even though the rates do not.
• Alabama lets you deduct the federal income tax you pay, and the federal tax on investment income, so anything that raises either lowers your Alabama tax. This plan models that. It does not let you deduct the 10% federal tax on an early withdrawal from a retirement account, the extra 0.9% Medicare tax on high pay or the self-employment tax, and this plan deducts none of them either.
• Alabama gives an exemption for each dependent — $1,000, $500 or $300 depending on your income. This plan does not, so if you have children at home it shows between about $11 and $44 a year more Alabama tax for each of them than you will pay.
• If you are a couple, Alabama lets you file jointly or separately, and the two split the deduction for your federal tax differently — separately, each of you deducts your share of it. This plan files one joint Alabama return for you, so if filing separately would suit you better it shows a little more Alabama tax than you would pay.

Alaska

What it works out

• No state income tax at all, so your plan here is the federal return.

What this tool does not model here

• While you work, Alaska takes 0.5% of your pay, up to $54,200, at most $271 a year, for unemployment insurance, and this plan charges it. If your own company is incorporated in Alaska and has not chosen to cover its officers, it takes none from your salary, so you pay less than this shows. As a sole proprietor you pay none of it.

Arizona

What it works out

• A flat 2.5% on what the state counts as income.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• A standard deduction.
• An extra deduction at 65.

What it taxes in full

• Money you take out of an IRA, a 401(k) or a pension, in full.
• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• Arizona has not published a 2026 standard deduction. Its own February 2026 bulletin still prints $15,750 for a single filer, $31,500 for a couple and $23,625 for a head of household, so those are what this plan uses. They are adjusted for inflation each year and this plan works in today's dollars, so holding them steady is the right thing rather than a lag.
• Arizona lets you subtract 25% of a long-term capital gain on an asset bought after 2011. This plan does not track when you bought your investments, so it does not claim that subtraction, the same default the department applies when the purchase date is unknown. If your holdings are newer, you will pay a little less Arizona tax than this shows.
• Arizona's coupling to the federal standard deduction was passed twice by the legislature and vetoed twice, so the amount the department publishes and the amount its own statute produces differ by about $750 for a single filer and $1,500 for a couple. This plan uses the department's figure, which is the one your return will use.
• Arizona exempts up to $2,500 each of pension income from the federal government, Arizona state government and Arizona local governments, and military retirement pay in FULL. This plan applies both from what you told us about who pays each pension.
• We ask WHO pays your pension and not WHICH state, so a pension from another state's government is treated here as an Arizona one. Arizona says in terms that public pensions from other states do not qualify. If you retired here from public service elsewhere, your Arizona tax will be higher than this shows by up to $2,500 a year at the state rate — this is the one place in this plan where the Arizona figure may be too low.
• Arizona gives a credit of $125 for each dependent under seventeen and $25 for each one seventeen or over, fading above $200,000 of income, or $400,000 for a couple. This plan does not, so if you have children at home it shows up to $125 a year more Arizona tax for each of them than you will pay.

Arkansas

What it works out

• 5 tax brackets, starting with a band taxed at nothing, from 2% to 3.7%.
• Your 401(k) or 403(b) contributions taken off while you work.
• Your IRA contributions taken off while you work.
• Retirement income left out, in whole or up to a limit.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• Part of your long-term capital gains left out.
• A standard deduction.
• A personal credit against the tax.
• The cliffs where a dollar more of income costs a whole allowance.

What this tool does not model here

• If you are still working, your 401(k) and IRA contributions come off your Arkansas income, as they do on the AR1000F: Arkansas starts from the wage in box 1 of your W-2, which is already net of what you put in a 401(k), and it allows the IRA payment as an adjustment. One difference we do not model: Arkansas phases the IRA deduction out on ITS OWN income figure, between $79,000 and $89,000 if you are single and $126,000 and $146,000 if you are married filing together, and we use the federal figure instead. Inside those bands your Arkansas deduction may differ a little from the one shown.
• Arkansas switches to a second, less generous rate table once your net income passes $94,700, and softens the switch over the next $2,900. This plan applies the whole switch at $94,700, so in that narrow band it shows up to $290 a year more Arkansas tax than you would pay.
• Arkansas's standard deduction in this plan is the figure its withholding formula carried into 2026, which is also the 2025 amount. Arkansas adjusts it for inflation each year, and the plan works in today's dollars, so the effect is very small.
• The $6,000 retirement exemption and the $29 personal credit are fixed in the statute and are never adjusted for inflation, so both are worth less every year in real terms. This plan shows that. The $94,700 line where the second rate table starts is adjusted each year along with the brackets, so it holds its value.
• Arkansas has a low income tax table that replaces the standard deduction for households below about $17,500 of income, and claiming the retirement exemption disqualifies you from it. This plan does not model the table, so if your income is that low you may pay less Arkansas tax than this shows.

California

What it works out

• 10 tax brackets, from 1% to 13.3%.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• A standard deduction.
• A personal credit against the tax.
• An extra credit at 65.

What it taxes in full

• Money you take out of an IRA, a 401(k) or a pension, in full.
• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• California's brackets, standard deduction and exemption credits are adjusted for inflation during the tax year rather than before it: the 2026 figures are published around October 2026. This plan uses the published 2025 figures, which in today's dollars is the same thing, but they are a year old and will be refreshed.
• California's 1% Behavioral Health Services tax on income over $1,000,000 is fixed in Proposition 63 and is never adjusted for inflation, and it does not double for a couple. This plan models both facts, so over a long horizon that threshold reaches steadily further down into ordinary incomes.
• California does not tax Social Security, and it has no lower rate for a long-term capital gain, a gain is taxed at your full California rate. Both are modeled here, and the second is the one that surprises people.
• The renter's credit, the young child and earned income credits and the credit for joint custody are not modeled. They are for renters, families with young children and low incomes, so if one of them fits you, your California tax is lower than this shows.
• If you have a health savings account, California does not recognize it. The state taxes what it earns in the year it earns it, and gives you no deduction for what you put in. This plan does neither, so it shows less California tax than you will pay: about $135 a year on a $50,000 account at a 3% return. It is the one place in this plan that error runs that way, and it is here because the federal treatment is where nearly all of an HSA's value is.
• California gives a $475 credit for each dependent. This plan does not, so if you have children at home it shows up to $475 a year more California tax for each of them than you will pay.
• While you work, California takes 1.3% of all your pay for State Disability Insurance, with no ceiling, and this plan charges it. If you own an S corporation alone or with your spouse and have chosen to leave the program (form DE 459), you pay less than this shows. As a sole proprietor you pay it only if you chose to join, and this plan assumes you did not.

Colorado

What it works out

• A flat 4.4% on what the state counts as income.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• Retirement income left out, in whole or up to a limit.

What it taxes in full

• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.
• Everything above the first dollar: no standard deduction and no personal exemption.

What this tool does not model here

• Colorado adds the qualified business income deduction back to your income once federal adjusted gross income passes $500,000, or $1,000,000 on a joint return. This plan does not, so if you own an S corporation and your income is above that line, your Colorado bill is higher than this shows.
• Colorado's rules between 55 and 64 are not modeled. In those years Colorado exempts your whole Social Security benefit if your income is under $75,000 (single) or $95,000 (joint), and otherwise caps the benefit and your pension together at $20,000. This plan shows no subtraction at all before 65, so if you retire early it shows more Colorado tax than you will pay in those years.
• Colorado's $24,000 ceiling is fixed in the rules and is never adjusted for inflation. This plan shows that correctly, which means it covers less of your pension every year, and because Colorado starts from your federal taxable income, more of your relief comes from the federal standard deduction as time goes on.
• Your Social Security benefit uses up the $24,000 ceiling before your pension does. If your taxable benefit is more than $24,000 there is nothing left for the pension, which this plan models.
• For a couple, Colorado works the $24,000 out separately for each of you, against your own pension and your own share of the taxable Social Security. This plan does it separately for each of you, from the year each of you turns 65, but it takes the WHOLE household's taxable benefit off each of your $24,000 rather than your own share, because your share turns on both of your claiming decisions at once. That is never more than Colorado allows, so a couple who both draw a pension and both draw Social Security may pay less Colorado tax than this shows.
• Colorado's rebate for property tax, rent and heat is claimed on a separate form and is not part of the income tax, so it is not in this plan.
• While you work, Colorado takes 0.44% of your pay, up to $184,500, for family and medical leave insurance (FAMLI), and this plan charges it. That is the employee's half; an employer may pay it for you, and then you pay less than this shows. As a sole proprietor you pay it only if you chose to join.

Connecticut

What it works out

• 7 tax brackets, from 2% to 6.99%.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• Pension income left out, in whole or up to a limit.
• A personal exemption.
• Two charges on top of the tax: Connecticut's phase-out add-back and its tax recapture.
• The cliffs where a dollar more of income costs a whole allowance.

What it taxes in full

• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• Connecticut's personal tax credit, which can cut your tax by up to 75% at low incomes and is worth at most a few hundred dollars, is not modeled. It moves across twenty-eight bands of income and would cost far more to compute than it is worth, so this plan shows a little more Connecticut tax than you would pay below about $64,500 of income for a single filer, and further up for a couple.
• Connecticut's 2% phase-out add-back and its tax recapture are modeled as smooth ramps rather than as the staircases the statute prints. This plan is never below the true figure and is at most one step above it — $25 or $90 if you file singly, $50 or $180 if you file jointly, $40 or $140 as a head of household, depending on your income.
• Nothing in Connecticut's income tax is adjusted for inflation. Not one figure moved between 2025 and 2026. This plan shows that correctly, which means the recapture that starts at $105,000 today, or $210,000 for a couple, reaches further down into your income every year.
• Above $75,000 of income for a single filer, or $100,000 for a couple, Connecticut starts taxing a quarter of your Social Security check, and it fades your pension exemption away over the next $25,000, or $50,000 for a couple, from all of it to none in nine steps. Both are in this plan, and staying under that line is worth a great deal in Connecticut.
• Connecticut charges its own tax on what you leave, and this plan does NOT take it off — so if your estate is large, what your family keeps will be less than the figure shown here. Its exclusion is the one state exclusion that matches the federal one, so it can only reach an estate the federal tax already reaches; that is why this is the last of the six such taxes still to be modelled rather than the first. The exclusion and the rate could not be traced to a primary source from this environment, which is why it is disclosed rather than modelled.
• While you work, Connecticut takes 0.5% of your pay, up to $184,500, for Paid Leave, and this plan charges it. As a sole proprietor you pay it only if you chose to join.

Delaware

What it works out

• 7 tax brackets, starting with a band taxed at nothing, from 2.2% to 6.6%.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• Retirement income left out, in whole or up to a limit.
• A standard deduction.
• A larger standard deduction once you are 65.
• A personal credit against the tax.

What it taxes in full

• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• Delaware allows a $2,000 pension exclusion under 60, on pension income only. This plan models the $12,500 exclusion at 60 and over and shows no exclusion before that, so if you retire early it shows more Delaware tax than you will pay in those years.
• Every figure in Delaware's income tax is fixed in dollars and none of it is adjusted for inflation: the bands, the standard deduction, the $12,500 exclusion and the $110 credit. This plan shows that correctly, which means your Delaware tax rises in real terms every year even though the rates do not.
• If you live in Wilmington, it charges 1.25% of your pay and 1.25% of a business's net profits while you work. This plan does not ask where in Delaware you live and charges neither, so your tax while working is higher than this shows. It never reaches a pension or a withdrawal from a retirement account.
• While you work, Delaware's paid leave program takes up to 0.4% of your pay, up to $184,500, and this plan charges that much. An employer with fewer than 25 employees takes less and one with fewer than 10 takes nothing, so if yours is small you pay less than this shows. A company you own has fewer than ten employees, so the plan charges nothing on the salary it pays you.

District of Columbia

What it works out

• 7 tax brackets, from 4% to 10.75%.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• A standard deduction.

What it taxes in full

• Money you take out of an IRA, a 401(k) or a pension, in full.
• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• The District's income tax brackets are the same for a single filer and a married couple filing jointly, with no doubling. The District lets a married couple file separately on the same return, which avoids most of that, but this plan files you jointly, so where both of you have income it can show more District tax than you would pay filing that way.
• The District's $3,000 exclusion for federal and District pensions expired after 2014, so withdrawals from an IRA or a 401(k) are taxed in full. Survivor benefits from the District or the federal government at 62 or over are still excluded and are not modeled, so if you receive one you will pay less than this shows.
• The District's brackets are fixed in dollars and are never adjusted for inflation. This plan shows that correctly, which means your District tax rises in real terms every year even though the rates do not.
• The $10,000 exclusion for a person with a total permanent disability whose household income is under $100,000 is not modeled; this plan has no disability input.
• The District's Schedule H property tax credit is not modeled. It is refundable, it is tested on your household's gross income with a more generous limit once you are older, and it depends on the rent or the property tax you actually paid, which this plan does not ask for. If you qualify, you will pay less than this shows.
• The District of Columbia charges its own tax on what you leave, above an exclusion far below the federal one, and this plan does NOT take it off — so if your estate is large, what your family keeps will be less than the figure shown here. The exclusion and the rate schedule could not be traced to a primary source from this environment, which is why it is disclosed rather than modelled.

Florida

What it works out

• No state income tax at all, so your plan here is the federal return.

What this tool does not model here

Nothing beyond the list above.

Georgia

What it works out

• A flat 4.99% on what the state counts as income.
• Retirement income left out, in whole or up to a limit.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• A standard deduction.

What it taxes in full

• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• Georgia's rate, standard deduction and retirement exclusion are all legislated to keep moving: the rate falls further, the deduction rises by $375 a year ($750 for a couple) from 2027 until it reaches $18,000 ($36,000), and the exclusion rises to $70,000 in 2027. Georgia indexes none of them, so this plan holds the 2026 figures at today's buying power for every year, which is a bet that the legislature keeps raising them at about the rate of inflation. It is a real bet and it runs BOTH ways: if the increases keep pace, this plan shows a little more Georgia tax in later years than the law will charge; if they stop after 2027, it shows less, and on a long plan that gap reaches roughly half the Georgia tax shown. Georgia is close to the line where its exclusion and deduction wipe out the tax entirely, so the years this matters most are the ones showing no Georgia tax at all.
• If you are 62 or over and still working, Georgia counts up to $5,000 of your pay as retirement income for the exclusion. This plan does not, so while your pension, interest, dividends and gains are below the exclusion it shows up to about $250 a year more Georgia tax than you will pay, for each of you. It is in the safe direction — your bill is lower than this, never higher.
• Georgia has no personal exemption for the filer or spouse (it was folded into the larger standard deduction from 2024). Its $5,000 exemption for each dependant is not modeled, so if you have children at home this plan shows about $250 a year more Georgia tax for each of them than you will pay.

Hawaii

What it works out

• 12 tax brackets, from 1.4% to 11%.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• A standard deduction.
• A personal exemption.
• An extra exemption at 65.

What it taxes in full

• Money you take out of an IRA, a 401(k) or a pension, in full.
• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• Hawaii does not tax retirement money your employer funded: a government, military or private defined benefit pension, your employer's contributions to a 401(k) and what they earned, and an IRA rolled over from an employer-funded plan. It does tax what you funded yourself: your own deferrals into a 401(k), a 457 or a Thrift Savings Plan, and your own IRA contributions. The test is WHO FUNDED each dollar, and this plan does not ask you that, so it taxes all of your retirement income, including any pension you told us about. If any of yours was employer-funded you will pay less Hawaii tax than this shows, and for an employer's pension considerably less.
• Hawaii has a second, lower calculation for a long-term capital gain, 7.25%, and charges whichever comes out smaller. This plan does not compute it, so in a year you sell a large position it shows more Hawaii tax than you would pay — never less. It is worth nothing at all unless your Hawaii taxable income passes about $48,000, or $96,000 for a couple, because below that your rate is already under 7.25%, and most retired households stay below it. Above that line what it saves is the difference between your Hawaii rate and 7.25% on the gain alone — under 3.75% of what you realize even at the top rate.
• None of Hawaii's brackets, its standard deduction or its $1,144 exemptions is adjusted for inflation. This plan shows that correctly, which means your Hawaii tax rises in real terms every year even though the rates do not — how much depends on how long your plan runs and how much of it is retirement: on a twenty-four-year retired plan the freeze costs about 30% more Hawaii tax than an indexed schedule would, and the last year’s bill is about 1.6 times what an indexed one would charge. The legislature does raise them on a schedule of its own: the deduction rises again in 2028, 2030 and 2031, and the whole bracket table is rewritten for 2027. None of those future steps is in this plan, so it shows MORE Hawaii tax than the current law implies. That is the safe direction; your bill should be lower than this, not higher.
• Hawaii's food/excise tax credit, its refundable earned income credit and its credit for low-income household renters are not modeled. All are tested on a low income, so if yours is low enough to qualify, your Hawaii tax is lower than this shows.
• Hawaii charges its own tax on what you leave, above an exclusion far below the federal one, and this plan does NOT take it off — so if your estate is large, what your family keeps will be less than the figure shown here. The exclusion and the rate schedule could not be traced to a primary source from this environment, which is why it is disclosed rather than modelled.
• While you work, Hawaii lets your employer take up to 0.5% of your pay for Temporary Disability Insurance, at most $7.50 a week, and this plan charges that much. Many employers pay more of it, and then you pay less than this shows. If you own at least half of the corporation that pays you, Hawaii's disability insurance does not cover you, and the plan charges nothing on that salary.

Idaho

What it works out

• A band taxed at nothing, then a flat 5.3% above it.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.

What it taxes in full

• Money you take out of an IRA, a 401(k) or a pension, in full.
• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.
• Everything above the first dollar: no standard deduction and no personal exemption.

What this tool does not model here

• Idaho has not published a 2026 rate schedule. The commission's schedule still ends at 2025, so this plan uses its $4,811 single and $9,622 joint zero bracket. The threshold is adjusted for inflation each year and the whole bracket is worth about $255 of tax to a single filer and $510 to a couple, so the effect of holding it steady is a few dollars.
• If you have a military pension, it is deducted from your Idaho income, up to $48,216 — $72,324 if you are married and file jointly — less every dollar of Social Security you receive, and never more than the pension itself. Two consequences worth seeing before you read the plan. It is worth most in the years BEFORE your Social Security starts. Once you are drawing it, every dollar of benefit comes off the limit, so a benefit near the limit leaves little or nothing of the deduction, while a modest one leaves much of it. And this plan starts it at 62: if you are under 62 and disabled, or under 62 and still working enough to have to file a federal return, Idaho gives you the deduction and this plan does not, so you will pay less than it shows.
• The $48,216 and $72,324 above are the 2025 figures: Idaho has not published a 2026 Form 39R. The amount is the maximum Social Security benefit at full retirement age and moves with it every year — that rose to $4,152 a month for 2026 — so holding it still understates the deduction by about $1,600 a year ($2,400 for a couple): about 3% of the limit, but a larger share of what is left of it once your Social Security comes off. The maximum benefit also tends to rise a little faster than prices, which this plan does not show either. Both make the Idaho tax shown higher than you will pay, never lower.
• Idaho reduces that deduction by the Railroad Retirement benefits you receive as well as by Social Security, and this plan carries no railroad income, so if you receive any your Idaho tax will be HIGHER than this shows.
• Idaho deducts three other pensions that this plan cannot reach, and if you have one you will pay less Idaho tax than it shows: a federal Civil Service Retirement System or Foreign Service annuity, benefits from Idaho's Firefighters Retirement Fund, and benefits from a closed Idaho city police fund. All three turn on WHICH SYSTEM paid rather than on who paid — a federal annuity under FERS does not qualify, and neither does the PERSI Base Plan, which is the ordinary Idaho public pension — and this plan asks who paid your pension without asking which of their systems it came out of. The civil service one also requires that you established eligibility before 1984. Those three start at 65, or at 62 if you are disabled.
• Idaho lets you deduct 60% of the gain on Idaho real property you have held long enough, and this plan does not claim it: whether the property is in Idaho and how long you have owned it are facts about an asset this plan does not carry. If you sell a rental or a home here at a gain, your Idaho tax will be lower than this shows.
• Idaho's food tax credit of $155 a person is refundable and is not included, so you are about $155 a year better off for each person on the return than this shows, $310 for a couple, even in a year with no Idaho tax to offset.

Illinois

What it works out

• A flat 4.95% on what the state counts as income.
• Retirement income left out, in whole or up to a limit.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• The cliffs where a dollar more of income costs a whole allowance.

What it taxes in full

• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.
• Everything above the first dollar: no standard deduction and no personal exemption.

What this tool does not model here

• Illinois takes the personal exemption away entirely once federal adjusted gross income passes $250,000, or $500,000 on a joint return. It does not taper, it stops. This plan models that, so a year in which your income crosses the line costs about $145 more for each of you than the year before, and about $50 more again for each of you 65 or older. The line is fixed in dollars and never adjusted for inflation, so in real terms it comes down every year, and the plan shows that.
• Illinois charges its own tax on what you leave, above an exclusion far below the federal one, and this plan does NOT take it off — so if your estate is large, what your family keeps will be less than the figure shown here. The exclusion and the rate schedule could not be traced to a primary source from this environment, which is why it is disclosed rather than modelled.

Indiana

What it works out

• A flat 2.95% on what the state counts as income.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• A personal exemption.
• An extra exemption at 65.
• Your county or city income tax, which you pick on the form.
• The cliffs where a dollar more of income costs a whole allowance.

What it taxes in full

• Money you take out of an IRA, a 401(k) or a pension, in full.
• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• Indiana taxes every dollar you take out of an IRA or a 401(k) at the state rate AND your county's rate, up to about 5.95% together, with no exclusion of any kind. Your Social Security benefit escapes both. That contrast is the single most important thing about an Indiana plan.
• This plan carries a selection of Indiana's ninety-two county rates rather than all of them, and charges the median 1.97% if you do not name your county. Your own county could be as low as 0.50% in Porter or as high as 3.00% in Randolph, so check the rate for where you live — on $60,000 of Indiana taxable income the difference between those two is about $1,500 a year.
• Indiana's exemptions are fixed in dollars and are never adjusted for inflation, so they cover less every year. The state rate falls to 2.90% in 2027 by statute; this plan holds 2026's 2.95% for the whole horizon.
• The Unified Tax Credit for the Elderly is not modeled: it needs income under $10,000, so if yours is that low your Indiana tax is up to $140 lower than this shows.
• Indiana deducts military retirement pay and survivor benefits in full at any age, and gives up to $16,000 against a FEDERAL civil service annuity from 62, less whatever Social Security you receive. This plan applies both from what you told us about who pays each pension. Indiana taxes its own state and local pensions in full, so a retired Indiana teacher or state employee gets nothing here, which is what the statute says.
• Two things about that $16,000 this plan cannot see. Indiana also reduces it by railroad retirement benefits, which this plan does not carry — so if you draw one, your deduction is smaller than shown and your tax higher. And a surviving husband or wife may claim it at any age; this plan applies 62 to everybody, so a widow or widower under 62 is charged more here than Indiana charges.

Iowa

What it works out

• A flat 3.8% on what the state counts as income.
• Retirement income left out, in whole or up to a limit.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• A personal credit against the tax.

What it taxes in full

• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• Iowa's alternate tax calculation and its low-income exemption are not modeled. Both only help a household with very little income, and neither can raise your tax, so if your income is low, the Iowa tax shown may be more than you owe.
• The retirement income exclusion is applied from age 55. Iowa also allows it to someone who is disabled or a surviving spouse at any age, and this plan cannot know that, so it may show Iowa tax before 55 that you would not pay.
• Iowa school districts and EMS districts add a surtax of up to 20% on top of your Iowa tax, and this plan does not include it. In years this plan shows Iowa tax, your bill could be up to a fifth higher than shown. It is the one place this plan may show LESS Iowa tax than you owe, and it is nil in any year your Iowa tax is nil — which, with the retirement income exclusion, is most years for most retired households.
• Iowa gives a credit of $40 for each dependent. This plan does not, so if you have children at home it shows $40 a year more Iowa tax for each of them than you will pay, in any year your Iowa tax is not already nil.

Kansas

What it works out

• 2 tax brackets, from 5.2% to 5.58%.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• A standard deduction.
• A larger standard deduction once you are 65.
• A personal exemption.

What it taxes in full

• Money you take out of an IRA, a 401(k) or a pension, in full.
• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• Kansas taxes withdrawals from an IRA or a 401(k) in full. A KPERS pension, a federal civil service one and military retirement are exempt outright, and this plan applies that from what you told us about who pays each pension.
• We ask WHO pays your pension and not WHICH state, so a pension from another state's government is treated here as a Kansas one and excluded. Kansas exempts its own systems and the federal government's, not any state's. If you retired here from public service elsewhere, your Kansas tax will be higher than this shows — this is the one place in this plan where the Kansas figure may be too low.
• Railroad retirement is exempt in Kansas and this plan does not model it at all, so if that is your pension you will pay less Kansas tax than this shows.
• Kansas fixes its brackets, standard deduction and exemption allowance in the statute and never adjusts them for inflation. This plan shows that correctly, which means your Kansas tax rises in real terms every year even though the rates do not.
• The property tax relief refunds for seniors are paid outside the income tax computation and are not modeled; they can only help you. The food sales tax credit is not among them: it ended after tax year 2024.
• Kansas gives an exemption of $2,320 for each dependent. This plan does not, so if you have children at home it shows about $129 a year more Kansas tax for each of them than you will pay.

Kentucky

What it works out

• A flat 3.5% on what the state counts as income.
• Retirement income left out, in whole or up to a limit.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• A standard deduction.
• Your county or city income tax, which you pick on the form.

What it taxes in full

• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• If you retired from the federal government, the Commonwealth of Kentucky or a Kentucky local government and part of your service was before 1998, you can exclude more than $31,110, sometimes all of it. This plan applies the $31,110 limit to everyone, so it may show more Kentucky tax than you will pay.
• The $31,110 exclusion is fixed in the statute and is not adjusted for inflation. This plan shows that correctly, which means your Kentucky tax rises in real terms every year even though the rate does not.
• Kentucky's family size tax credit is not included. It only reaches households near the federal poverty level, and it can only reduce your tax.
• Your city or county occupational license tax is modeled at 1% unless you tell us otherwise, with Louisville at 2.2% and Lexington at 2.25%. It reaches pay and a business's profit and stops when you stop working, so a retired household pays none of it. 87 of Kentucky's 120 counties levy one and the rates run from 0.5% to 2.5%. The form offers those four choices and no others, so if yours is not one of them, pick the nearest, or none if your county has no tax, and your Kentucky bill differs by the gap times what you earn.
• Kentucky has an inheritance tax, and it does not touch money left to a parent, a spouse, a child, a grandchild, a stepchild, a brother, a sister, a nephew or a niece — Kentucky's exempt class is wider than most states'. This plan assumes that is who inherits, so it charges none of it. Leaving your estate to an in-law, an aunt or uncle, or anyone outside that circle costs 4% to 16%, and the estate would be smaller than this shows.

Louisiana

What it works out

• A flat 3% on what the state counts as income.
• Retirement income left out, in whole or up to a limit.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• A standard deduction.

What it taxes in full

• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• Louisiana exempts federal retirement benefits — military and civilian alike — and Louisiana state and local government pensions (LASERS, TRSL and the rest) in full, with no limit and no age test, and this plan applies that from what you told us about who pays each pension. The $12,000 then applies to whatever is left, which is what Louisiana's own definition says: the exemption is for retirement income that is still taxable.
• We ask WHO pays your pension and not WHICH state, so a pension from another state's government is treated here as a Louisiana one and excluded. Louisiana exempts its own systems and the federal government's, not any state's. If you retired here from public service elsewhere, your Louisiana tax will be higher than this shows — this is the one place in this plan where the Louisiana figure may be too low.
• Railroad retirement is exempt in Louisiana too and this plan does not model it at all, so if that is your pension you will pay less Louisiana tax than this shows.
• The $12,000 retirement income exclusion is applied from 65. Louisiana also allows it to a surviving spouse receiving a deceased spouse's benefits at any age, which this plan cannot know.
• Louisiana's 2026 standard deduction is the figure the department published for withholding under an emergency rule, and the department has said the official amount may differ slightly once the January inflation data was in. Any difference is a few dollars of tax.

Maine

What it works out

• 4 tax brackets, from 5.8% to 9.15%.
• Pension income left out, in whole or up to a limit.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• A standard deduction.
• A larger standard deduction once you are 65.
• A personal exemption.

What it taxes in full

• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• Maine reduces the standard deduction above about $102,250 of income for a single filer and $204,500 for a couple, the personal exemption above about $341,000 and $409,000, and the pension deduction above $125,000 and $250,000 (its 2025 lines, adjusted for inflation since). None of the three is modeled here, so if your income is above those levels this plan shows LESS Maine tax than you would pay.
• Maine's pension deduction does not reach a Roth conversion, or a distribution taken before 55, and this plan follows both — counting the age from the year you turn 56, which charges a distribution in the year you turn 55 that Maine would allow if it came after your birthday. If you take substantially equal periodic payments before 55, Maine allows those and this plan does not, so it shows more Maine tax than you would pay.
• Maine's pension deduction is reduced by the Social Security you receive, whether it is taxed or not, so a large benefit can leave nothing of it. This plan models that, which is why the deduction may look smaller than the headline $49,824.
• For a couple, Maine works the pension deduction out separately for each of you, against your own pension and your own Social Security, and this plan does the same.
• Military retirement pay is deductible in Maine without any limit and outside the Social Security offset. This plan applies the ordinary rules to all retirement income, so a military retiree would pay less than this shows.
• Maine charges its own tax on what you leave, above an exclusion far below the federal one, and this plan does NOT take it off — so if your estate is large, what your family keeps will be less than the figure shown here. The exclusion and the rate schedule could not be traced to a primary source from this environment, which is why it is disclosed rather than modelled.
• While you work, Maine takes up to 0.5% of your pay, up to $184,500, for paid family and medical leave, and this plan charges that much. Your employer may pay part of it for you, and then you pay less than this shows. As a sole proprietor you pay it only if you chose to join.

Maryland

What it works out

• 10 tax brackets, from 2% to 6.5%.
• Pension income left out, in whole or up to a limit.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• A standard deduction.
• An extra exemption at 65.
• Your county or city income tax, which you pick on the form.
• The cliffs where a dollar more of income costs a whole allowance.

What it taxes in full

• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• Maryland charges an estate tax of 16% on anything over $5,000,000, and this plan takes it off the estate you see. Unlike most states Maryland lets a widow or widower use whatever their spouse did not, so a couple shelters $10,000,000 between them. The figure is fixed in the statute and never adjusted for inflation, so it reaches further down every year, and this plan shows that.
• Maryland also has an inheritance tax, but it does not touch money left to a child, a grandchild, a parent or a spouse. This plan assumes that is who inherits, so it charges none of it. If you are leaving your estate to someone outside that circle the rate is 10% and the estate would be smaller.
• Maryland excludes up to $40,600 of pension income at 65, but only from an employer's plan — a 401(k), a 403(b), a 457(b) or a pension an employer pays you — and NOT from an IRA, a rollover IRA or an annuity you bought from an insurance company. This plan keeps your employer-plan money and your IRA money as two balances, starting from the split you told us, and it chooses each year which one to draw from — so it takes the exclusion out of the employer plan first, the way you would. It does not take the same fraction from each. Money you convert from the employer plan to a Roth counts toward the exclusion too, because Maryland's law reaches pension income from the plan that your federal return taxes; the Comptroller has not addressed conversions in so many words, so that is a reading of the law rather than a ruling. The exclusion is reduced dollar for dollar by the Social Security you receive, which is the worksheet's own arithmetic and is why a large benefit leaves little of it. For a couple, Worksheet 13A works the exclusion out separately for each of you, against your own plan money and your own Social Security, from the year each of you turns 65, and this plan does the same.
• A pension an employer pays you counts toward the exclusion above too, whether a company, a government or the military pays it. An annuity you bought from an insurance company does not, because Maryland's law reaches only an employer's plan: we take what you told us about which yours is, so if a pension you told us an employer pays is really an annuity you bought, your Maryland tax here is lower than you will pay.
• Maryland lets a military retiree subtract up to $20,000 a year of military retirement pay from age 55, and $12,500 before it, each of you against your own, and this plan applies that from what you told us about who pays each pension. What is left of a military pension above that still counts toward the $40,600 exclusion at 65, but the part the military subtraction already took cannot count twice, which is Maryland's own rule. Both figures are fixed in the law and never adjusted for inflation, and this plan shows them buying a little less every year.
• Maryland also lets a retired police officer, firefighter or other public safety employee subtract up to $15,000 of that pension, and lets a retired forest, park or wildlife ranger use the pension exclusion from 55. This plan applies neither, because both turn on the job you retired from, so if that is you your Maryland tax here is higher than you will pay.
• Maryland's senior tax credit is $1,000 at 65 on federal adjusted gross income of $100,000 or less, and for a married couple on $150,000 or less it is $1,750 if you are both 65 and $1,000 if only one of you is. This plan applies all three. In a year when the state's September revenue forecast falls more than 3.75% below its March one, the law halves the credit above $50,000 of income ($100,000 for a couple). That did not happen for 2025 or 2026 and this plan assumes it will not, so in a year it does your Maryland tax would be up to $875 higher than this shows.
• Maryland lets a married couple who both have income subtract up to $1,200 more. This plan does not apply that, so a couple's Maryland tax here may be up to about $100 a year higher than you will pay.
• Maryland's county income tax is charged on the same taxable income the state charges, at 2.25% to 3.30% depending on where you live. This plan uses 3.20%, the rate in Montgomery, Prince George's, Baltimore City, Baltimore County and Howard, unless you say otherwise. It is often the LARGER half of your Maryland bill: the county's rate is flat, while the state's schedule starts at 2% and its credit at 65 — $1,000, or $1,750 for a couple who are both 65 — comes off the state half alone. On a working income the county is around two fifths of the total; on a modest retired one it is closer to two thirds, and in the years the credit clears the state half it is the whole of it.
• Maryland's 2026 standard deduction is not settled: the Comptroller's withholding guide says $3,400 and its estimated-tax worksheet says $3,350. This plan uses $3,400 (and a derived $6,850 for a couple), which will be confirmed when the 2026 Form 502 instructions publish.
• Maryland's brackets, its $3,200 exemption and the $350,000 threshold for its 2% capital gains surcharge are all fixed in dollars and never adjusted for inflation. This plan shows that correctly, which means that surcharge reaches further down into an ordinary portfolio every year.
• From 2027 Maryland takes up to 0.45% of your pay, up to $184,500, for family and medical leave insurance (FAMLI), and this plan charges that much from that year while you work. As a sole proprietor you pay it only if you choose to join once Maryland allows it.

Massachusetts

What it works out

• 2 tax brackets, from 5% to 9%.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• A personal exemption.
• An extra exemption at 65.

What it taxes in full

• Money you take out of an IRA, a 401(k) or a pension, in full.
• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• Massachusetts does not tax a pension from Massachusetts state or local government, from the federal government, or from the military, and this plan applies that from what you told us about who pays each pension. A withdrawal from an IRA or a 401(k) is taxed in full, as it is here.
• We ask WHO pays your pension and not WHICH state, so a pension from another state's government is treated here as a Massachusetts one and excluded. Massachusetts excludes another state's only where that state gives Massachusetts pensions the same treatment. If you retired here from public service elsewhere, your Massachusetts tax may be higher than this shows — this is the one place in this plan where the Massachusetts figure may be too low.
• Massachusetts never allowed a deduction for IRA contributions, so a withdrawal is taxable only above what you already paid tax on. This plan does not track that, and taxes the whole withdrawal, so if your money is in an IRA rather than a 401(k), you will pay less than this shows.
• The personal exemption, the $700 exemption for being 65 and the $2,000 cap on the Social Security and Medicare tax deduction are fixed in the statute and are never adjusted for inflation, so they are worth less every year in real terms. This plan shows that.
• Massachusetts charges an estate tax on anything over $2,000,000, and this plan takes it off the estate you see. That $2,000,000 is per person and does not transfer to a husband or wife, so a couple gets one of it and not two. It is fixed in the statute and never adjusted for inflation, so it reaches further down every year, and this plan shows that.
• Massachusetts lets you deduct what you pay in Social Security and Medicare tax, up to $2,000 each, and that $2,000 is shared with anything you pay into a government retirement fund. This plan counts only the Social Security and Medicare half. If you pay into a state or municipal retirement system instead, you reach the same $2,000 the other way, so the deduction is the same.
• Massachusetts gives an exemption of $1,000 for each dependent. This plan does not, so if you have children at home it shows about $50 a year more Massachusetts tax for each of them than you will pay.
• While you work, Massachusetts takes up to 0.46% of your pay, up to $184,500, for paid family and medical leave, and this plan charges that much. Some employers pay part of it for you, and then you pay less than this shows. As a sole proprietor you pay it only if you chose to join.

Michigan

What it works out

• A flat 4.25% on what the state counts as income.
• Retirement income left out, in whole or up to a limit.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• A personal exemption.
• Your county or city income tax, which you pick on the form.

What it taxes in full

• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• Michigan lets a taxpayer aged 67 or over take a $20,000 deduction, or $40,000 on a joint return, against all income. It replaces the retirement subtraction, and from 2026 to 2028 the personal exemption as well, so it is worth taking only when it leaves less tax. This plan always takes the retirement subtraction and the exemption, which is the better choice for almost every household with an IRA, but if most of your income is interest, dividends or gains rather than retirement withdrawals, you may pay less Michigan tax than this shows.
• The rules for someone born before 1946 are different and generally more generous. This plan applies the post-1945 schedule to everyone, so a taxpayer aged 81 or over in 2026 may pay less than this shows.
• Michigan city income taxes ARE modeled, and the default is none, because most of Michigan levies none. Twenty-four cities do: Detroit at 2.4%, Highland Park at 2%, Grand Rapids and Saginaw at 1.5%, and 1% in the other twenty. If you live in one, this plan charges it on your pay, your business profit, your interest, dividends and capital gains, your net rent, and money coming out of a 401(k), a 403(b) or a 457 — Grand Rapids charges amounts received from a plan that let you choose what was set aside, in the year you receive them — less what you put into an IRA. In Detroit the city's 2.4% is a large part of a retired household's bill, around two fifths of it where the money comes out of a 401(k) or a 457: the city charges those withdrawals as Michigan does, and your interest, dividends and gains, and exempts only a pension and Social Security. What this plan does NOT charge is money coming out of an IRA, including one you rolled an old 401(k) into: the cities name a 401(k), a 403(b) and a 457 and say their list is not limited to those, and we could not confirm how much further it reaches, so we leave an IRA out. If that is where your money is, your city bill may be higher than this shows.
• Michigan's retirement subtraction reaches an IRA only from age 59 and a half, never a 457 plan, and a 401(k) or 403(b) only for the part your employer paid in (or your plan required you to pay in), not the part you chose to defer. This plan cannot tell those parts of an employer plan apart, so it gives none of your 401(k), 403(b) or 457 withdrawals the subtraction, and nothing before 60 at all, a pension included. If your employer contributed to your plan — and for a plan your own business runs, that includes what the business put in for you on top of your own deferrals — or you take a pension before 60, you may pay less Michigan tax than this shows.
• A Michigan city exempts interest on United States Treasury and state or municipal bonds, and gives an exemption of at least $600 for each person. This plan charges city tax on all of your interest and takes no exemption off, so if you live in one of the twenty-four cities it shows a little more city tax than you would pay.

Minnesota

What it works out

• 4 tax brackets, from 5.35% to 9.85%.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• A standard deduction.
• An extra deduction for age.

What it taxes in full

• Money you take out of an IRA, a 401(k) or a pension, in full.
• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• Minnesota charges an estate tax on anything over $3,000,000, at 13% rising to 16%, and this plan takes it off the estate you see. That $3,000,000 is per person and does not pass to a husband or wife, so a couple gets one of it. It is fixed in the statute and never adjusted for inflation, so it reaches further down every year, and this plan shows that.
• Minnesota's Social Security subtraction falls by a TENTH of your taxable benefit — on a joint return, of both of your taxable benefits together — for each $4,000 of income over $86,410 (single) or $110,780 (joint), and the statute counts a fraction of $4,000 as a whole one. So one dollar of extra income can cost a whole step: about $170 of Minnesota tax on a single's $30,000 benefit, and about $350 on a joint return with two of them. This plan models those ten steps exactly.
• Minnesota lets you take the larger of two Social Security subtractions. This plan computes only the simpler one, which is the larger for most households, so in a narrow band of income it may show a little more Minnesota tax than you would pay.
• Minnesota's subtraction for public pensions reaches only state and comparable public retirement systems whose service earned no Social Security. An IRA, a 401(k) and a private pension get nothing, and those are what this plan models.
• Minnesota's additional 1% tax on net investment income above $1,000,000 is not modeled.
• Minnesota shrinks your standard deduction once your income passes about $244,000, and faster again past about $338,000, though never below a fifth of it. This plan models the first stage and not the second, so from about $338,000 of income it shows LESS Minnesota tax than you will pay — up to about $650 a year for a single person and $1,495 for a couple — until about $652,000 (single) or $1,060,000 (couple), and a little MORE above that. It is the one place this plan may understate your Minnesota tax. Below $338,000, which is where most plans sit, it is exact.
• Minnesota gives an exemption of $5,300 for each dependent. This plan does not, so if you have children at home it shows about $300 a year more Minnesota tax for each of them than you will pay.
• While you work, Minnesota takes up to 0.44% of your pay, up to $184,500, for Paid Leave, which began in 2026, and this plan charges that much. Your employer may pay more of it for you, and then you pay less than this shows. As a sole proprietor you pay it only if you chose to join, and then you pay the whole 0.88%.

Mississippi

What it works out

• A band taxed at nothing, then a flat 4% above it.
• Your 401(k) or 403(b) contributions taken off while you work.
• Your IRA contributions taken off while you work.
• Retirement income left out, in whole or up to a limit.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• A standard deduction.
• A personal exemption.
• An extra exemption at 65.

What it taxes in full

• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• If you are still working, your 401(k) and IRA contributions come off your Mississippi income, in the same amounts the federal return allows. Mississippi says so in one sentence of its own law rather than by copying a federal figure, and it uses the federal limits.
• Mississippi's rate is legislated to fall: 3.75% in 2027 and down to 3% by 2030, with further cuts on revenue triggers. This plan holds 4% for every year, so it shows more Mississippi tax in later years than current law implies.
• A withdrawal before you have met your retirement plan's requirements is an early distribution and Mississippi taxes it. This plan treats age 60 as the line, so a withdrawal before then is shown as taxable, and so is a Roth conversion out of a 401(k) or a 457(b). A conversion out of a traditional IRA is not taxed in Mississippi at any age, and this plan shows that. If you file jointly and only one of you is 60 or older, Mississippi still excludes that person's own retirement income. This plan waits until you are both 60, so in the years in between it shows more Mississippi tax than you will pay, never less.
• Mississippi does not tax interest on United States obligations, and this plan does not distinguish those from any other interest, so it may show a little more Mississippi tax than you will pay.
• If you have a health savings account and take money out of it for something other than medical care, Mississippi taxes that withdrawal — this plan shows that — and it also taxes the whole of that year's growth on the account, which this plan does not show. So in any year you draw on the account for anything else, your Mississippi tax is higher than this shows: roughly 4% of a year's growth on the balance, which on a $300,000 account is about $360.
• Mississippi gives an exemption of $1,500 for each dependent. This plan does not, so if you have children at home it shows about $60 a year more Mississippi tax for each of them than you will pay.

Missouri

What it works out

• 8 tax brackets, starting with a band taxed at nothing, from 2% to 4.7%.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• Part of your long-term capital gains left out.
• A private pension left out, up to a limit.
• A standard deduction.

What this tool does not model here

• Missouri exempts a military pension in full, and this plan does that when you tell it a pension is a military one.
• Missouri also exempts a public pension (from federal, state or local government employment) up to the maximum Social Security benefit, with no income limit. That one is not in this plan yet, so a retired government employee is shown more Missouri tax than they would pay. A military pension is separate from it and is exempt in full.
• Missouri's $6,000 pension exemption and its $25,000 income threshold, $32,000 for a couple, are fixed in the statute and are not adjusted for inflation, so both are worth less every year in real terms. This plan shows that.
• If you convert money from a traditional IRA or a 401(k) to a Roth account, this plan counts the converted amount toward Missouri's $6,000 private pension exemption, because the form reads the same federal line a conversion is reported on. Missouri's law leaves out money rolled over into another retirement plan, and whether a conversion counts as that is not settled by anything this plan has read; if it does, a year with a conversion owes up to about $280 more Missouri tax a person than this shows.
• If you live in Kansas City or St. Louis, the city charges 1% of your pay and of a business's net profits while you work. This plan does not ask where in Missouri you live and charges neither, so your tax while working is higher than this shows. Neither city taxes a pension or a withdrawal from a retirement account.

Montana

What it works out

• 2 tax brackets, from 4.7% to 5.65%.
• A senior deduction.

What it taxes in full

• Social Security, to the extent your federal return taxes it.
• Money you take out of an IRA, a 401(k) or a pension, in full.
• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• Montana taxes long-term capital gains on a separate 3% and 4.1% schedule, but the low band is shared with your ordinary income and is used up by it first. This plan taxes gains at the ordinary rates instead, so it shows more Montana tax on a year in which you sell than you would actually pay.
• Montana taxes Social Security exactly as the federal government does, one of the few states that do, so there is no state relief on your benefit here.
• Montana's rate is legislated to fall to 5.4% in 2027, with wider brackets. This plan holds the 2026 schedule for every year, so it shows a little more Montana tax in later years than current law implies.
• Montana's 2026 brackets are not adjusted for inflation, but from 2027 the law adjusts them every year, so this plan lets them slip by one year's inflation and then holds them steady in real terms.

Nebraska

What it works out

• 3 tax brackets, from 2.46% to 4.55%.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• A standard deduction.
• A larger standard deduction once you are 65.
• A personal credit against the tax.

What it taxes in full

• Money you take out of an IRA, a 401(k) or a pension, in full.
• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• Nebraska counties charge an inheritance tax, and this plan takes it off the estate you see. It assumes your money goes to your children or grandchildren, who pay 1% on anything over $100,000 each; a parent, brother or sister pays the same, and an heir in that circle who is under 22 pays nothing. That $100,000 is per person inheriting, and this plan counts only one of them, so if you are leaving it to several people they will shelter more and pay less than this shows. An uncle, aunt, niece or nephew pays 11% on anything over $40,000, and anyone else 15% over $25,000, so there the estate would be smaller.
• Nebraska's rate is legislated to fall again, to 3.99% in 2027. This plan holds 4.55% for every year, so from 2027 it shows more Nebraska tax than current law implies, roughly 6% to 10% of your Nebraska bill.
• Nebraska has no general exclusion for pension or retirement income, so withdrawals from an IRA or a 401(k) are taxed in full. Military retirement and certain railroad benefits are exempt and are not modeled.
• Nebraska gives a $176 credit for each dependent. This plan does not, so if you have children at home it shows up to $176 a year more Nebraska tax for each of them than you will pay.

Nevada

What it works out

• No state income tax at all, so your plan here is the federal return.

What this tool does not model here

Nothing beyond the list above.

New Hampshire

What it works out

• No state income tax at all, so your plan here is the federal return.

What this tool does not model here

Nothing beyond the list above.

New Jersey

What it works out

• 7 tax brackets, from 1.4% to 10.75%.
• Your 401(k) or 403(b) contributions taken off while you work.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• Pension income left out, in whole or up to a limit.
• A personal exemption.
• An extra exemption at 65.

What it taxes in full

• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• New Jersey's pension exclusion falls off three cliffs, at $100,000, $125,000 and $150,000 of total income. Below the first you can exclude your pension up to $100,000 as a couple or $75,000 on your own; between the first and the second a couple keeps half of it and a single filer 37.5%; between the second and the third a quarter and 18.75%; over $150,000 nothing at all. One dollar over one of those lines can cost you up to about $2,000 of tax, and this plan models all three exactly. Keeping under them is usually worth more than anything else in a New Jersey plan.
• If you file jointly and only one of you is 62 or older, New Jersey still lets you exclude that person's pension. This plan waits until you both qualify, so in the years in between it shows more New Jersey tax than you will pay — up to the whole of the older spouse's exclusion. Your bill is lower than this, never higher.
• None of New Jersey's figures is adjusted for inflation, not the brackets, not the $100,000/$125,000/$150,000 cliffs, not the $1,000 exemptions. This plan shows that correctly, which means those cliffs reach further down into an ordinary retirement income every year.
• The Other Retirement Income Exclusion, which lets you apply an unused pension exclusion to other income, is not modeled. It needs earned income of $3,000 or less and is computed on a different measure, so if you qualify you will pay less New Jersey tax than this shows.
• New Jersey does not tax Social Security, railroad retirement or a military pension at all, and this plan models all three. A military pension is left out of the income test for the pension exclusion as well, which is what New Jersey does. New Jersey has no standard deduction, which this plan also models.
• New Jersey taxes a federal, state, local or teachers' pension in full, and so does this plan. If you retired from federal civil service, New Jersey taxes that annuity even if you earned part of it through military service — what matters is that the cheque comes from the Office of Personnel Management rather than from the military. Tell this plan a pension is military only if it is military retired pay.
• New Jersey taxed most retirement contributions on the way in, and this plan does not track what you have already paid tax on. It excluded your 401(k) contributions from your wages, so a 401(k) withdrawal really is fully taxable here, and that is what this plan shows. But a 403(b), a 457 or an IRA was taxed when you contributed, so only the part above what you put in is taxable now. If your savings came from one of those, this plan overstates your New Jersey tax. (Tax Topic Bulletin GIT-1 & 2, Other Retirement Plans.)
• The property tax deduction or credit and the ANCHOR, Senior Freeze and Stay NJ programmes are not in this plan; the first is worth up to $15,000 of deduction and the rest are rebates outside the income tax.
• If you have a health savings account, New Jersey does not give you the deduction for putting money in that the federal return does — its list of deductions names the older Archer MSA and not the HSA, and it says plainly that it does not follow federal deductions. This plan already charges you New Jersey tax on that money, so that half is right. What could not be confirmed from the Division of Taxation's own guidance is how New Jersey treats the account after that: if it taxes the earnings each year as California does, this plan shows less New Jersey tax than you will pay, on the order of $80 a year for every $50,000 in the account.
• New Jersey has an inheritance tax, and it does not touch money left to a parent, a grandparent, a spouse, a civil union or domestic partner, a child, a stepchild, a grandchild or a great-grandchild. This plan assumes that is who inherits, so it charges none of it. A BROTHER OR SISTER is not in that circle here — New Jersey puts them in Class C, where Kentucky exempts them — and nor is a child's spouse or anyone else, so if that is who inherits, the estate would be smaller than this shows.
• New Jersey gives an exemption of $1,500 for each dependent, on top of the $1,000 it gives for you. This plan does not, so if you have children at home it shows about $96 a year more New Jersey tax for each of them than you will pay.
• While you work, New Jersey takes three contributions from your pay, and this plan charges all three: 0.19% for disability insurance and 0.23% for family leave insurance on pay up to $171,100, and 0.425% for unemployment and workforce funds on pay up to $44,800, about $909 a year at most together. As a sole proprietor you pay none of them.

New Mexico

What it works out

• 6 tax brackets, from 1.5% to 5.9%.
• Part of your capital gains left out.
• A standard deduction.
• A deduction for low and middle incomes.
• The cliffs where a dollar more of income costs a whole allowance.

What it taxes in full

• Social Security, to the extent your federal return taxes it.
• Money you take out of an IRA, a 401(k) or a pension, in full.

What this tool does not model here

• New Mexico's Social Security exemption is all or nothing. One dollar of income over $100,000 (single) or $150,000 (joint) costs you the exemption on the whole taxable benefit: about $1,250 of tax on a single person's $30,000 benefit, and about $2,500 for a couple with two of them. So it is worth keeping your income under that line if you can.
• Nothing in New Mexico's income tax is adjusted for inflation: not the brackets, not the exemption at 65, not the Social Security thresholds. This plan shows that correctly, which means your New Mexico tax climbs in real terms every year even though the rates never change.
• New Mexico gives no general exclusion for pension or IRA income. Armed forces retirement pay is the exception, up to $30,000 a year, and this plan does not model it, so a military retiree is shown more New Mexico tax than they will pay. The relief at 65 is the exemption below, which is tested on your total income rather than on what kind of income it is, and it is gone by about $28,500 for a single filer and $51,000 for a couple.
• The refundable rebates on Schedule PIT-RC (the low income comprehensive rebate and the property tax rebate for people over 65) are not modeled. Both need a low income, so if yours qualifies, New Mexico would pay you more than this shows.
• New Mexico gives a $4,000 deduction for each dependent beyond the first. This plan does not, so if you have two children at home it shows about $196 a year more New Mexico tax than you will pay, and more again for a third.

New York

What it works out

• 9 tax brackets, from 3.9% to 10.9%.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• Pension income left out, in whole or up to a limit.
• A standard deduction.
• Your county or city income tax, which you pick on the form.
• The supplemental tax that takes back the lower brackets at high income.

What it taxes in full

• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• New York's pension exclusion is $20,000 a year and has been since 1981, and it is never adjusted for inflation. This plan shows that correctly, which means it covers less of your withdrawal every year.
• A New York State, local or federal government pension is excluded in full, with no limit and no age test, and military retirement pay counts as a federal one. The $20,000 then applies to whatever is left. This plan models both, from what you told us about who pays each pension. If you did not tell us, we treat it as a private one — which is the cautious answer, and shows more New York tax than you will pay.
• We ask WHO pays your pension and not WHICH state, so a pension from another state's government is treated here as a New York one and excluded in full. New York only excludes its own and the federal government's. If you retired here from public service elsewhere, your New York tax will be higher than this shows — this is the one place in this plan where the New York figure may be too low.
• Above $107,650 of income New York starts taking back the benefit of its lower brackets over the next $50,000, so your marginal rate in that band is well above the bracket rate. It is the largest thing about a New York plan. New York measures that income after taking off your Social Security and up to $20,000 of pension; this plan measures it before, so if you have either it can charge some of this where New York would not, and your New York tax may be lower than this shows.
• If you live in New York City you pay a second income tax of up to 3.876% on the same taxable income, and in Yonkers a surcharge of 16.75% of your state tax. This plan charges whichever you told us you live in, and nothing if you said neither.
• New York City's school tax credit is not included, so if you live there this plan shows a little more tax than you will pay — on the order of $125 a year for a joint return, plus a small rate reduction credit. It is left out because it is measured on an income that subtracts your IRA withdrawals from your federal total, which no other rule in this plan uses, and a retiree drawing an IRA is exactly who that helps most.
• New York charges its own tax on what you leave, above an exclusion far below the federal one, and this plan does NOT take it off — so if your estate is large, what your family keeps will be less than the figure shown here. New York's is a cliff rather than a threshold: an estate a little over the line is taxed from its first dollar and not just on the excess. The exclusion and the rate schedule could not be traced to a primary source from this environment, which is why it is disclosed rather than modelled.
• While you work, New York takes 0.432% of your pay for Paid Family Leave, at most $411.91 a year, and half a percent for disability benefits, at most 60 cents a week, and this plan charges both. The 60 cents has been fixed in the law for decades, so in today's money it shrinks a little every year, and the plan shows that. An employer may pay either for you, and then you pay less than this shows. A company you own with no other employee does not have to cover you, so the plan charges neither on the salary it pays you.

North Carolina

What it works out

• A flat 3.99% on what the state counts as income.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• A standard deduction.

What it taxes in full

• Money you take out of an IRA, a 401(k) or a pension, in full.
• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• North Carolina taxes withdrawals from an IRA or a 401(k) in full. Two kinds of pension are exempt and neither is modeled: a state, local or federal government pension vested before August 12, 1989 (the Bailey settlement), and military retirement pay for 20 or more years of service or a medical retirement. If you have one of those, this plan shows more North Carolina tax than you will pay.
• North Carolina's rate is legislated to fall: 3.49% from 2027, 3.24% from 2030 and 2.99% after 2032, with further cuts if state revenue clears a trigger. This plan holds 3.99% for every year, so it shows more North Carolina tax in later years than current law implies.

North Dakota

What it works out

• 3 tax brackets, starting with a band taxed at nothing, from 1.95% to 2.5%.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• Part of your long-term capital gains left out.

What it taxes in full

• Money you take out of an IRA, a 401(k) or a pension, in full.
• Everything above the first dollar: no standard deduction and no personal exemption.

What this tool does not model here

• North Dakota has no exclusion for ordinary pension or retirement income, so withdrawals from an IRA or a 401(k) are taxed in full once your income passes the zero bracket. Military retirement is the exception: it comes out in full, and this plan applies that from what you told us about who pays each pension.
• A retired peace officer with twenty years of service has an exclusion of their own in North Dakota, and this plan does not claim it — whether you served those years is not something we ask. If that is you, your North Dakota tax will be lower than this shows.
• The 40% capital gain exclusion is applied to the whole realized long-term gain. North Dakota measures it on the smaller of your net long-term gain and your overall net gain, which differ only if you realize a loss in the same year, something this plan never does.

Ohio

What it works out

• A band taxed at nothing, then a flat 2.75% above it.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• Two local income taxes at once, and you pick both on the form.
• The cliffs where a dollar more of income costs a whole allowance.

What it taxes in full

• Money you take out of an IRA, a 401(k) or a pension, in full.
• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.
• Everything above the first dollar: no standard deduction and no personal exemption.

What this tool does not model here

• Ohio charges nothing at all up to $26,050 of taxable income and then $332 plus 2.75%, so one dollar over that line costs $332. It is worth planning around, and this plan does.
• Ohio's retirement income credit (up to $200) and its $50 senior citizen credit are not modeled: both depend on two income tests at once, which this plan cannot express. It therefore shows up to $250 a year more Ohio tax than you would pay.
• If you live in a school district with an income tax on the traditional base, it taxes your pension and your IRA withdrawals at up to 2% on top of the state tax. This plan charges none unless you say which district you live in.
• Ohio's $26,050 zero band and its personal exemptions are frozen for 2025 and 2026: the legislature has suspended their inflation adjustment for a third two-year period. The law says the adjustment comes back in 2027; this plan assumes it will be suspended again, as it has been three times running, so your Ohio tax rises a little in real terms every year. If the adjustment does come back, you will pay slightly less than this shows.
• Ohio charges you TWICE locally and this plan asks you both questions: your school district, which taxes your retirement income, and your city, which taxes only your pay. The city tax runs on your gross salary before any 401(k) deduction, so putting money into your plan does not lower it — Columbus and Cleveland both charge 2.5%, which is $2,875 a year on a $115,000 salary. It stops the day you retire: no Ohio city taxes a pension, a retirement account withdrawal or Social Security.
• If you live in one Ohio city and work in another, you pay the city you work in and your home city credits what you paid it — so what you really pay is about the higher of the two rates. This plan charges your home city's rate on all of your pay. That is right if you live and work in the same place, and a little LOW if you commute into a city that charges more than yours.
• If you own a business, Ohio takes the first $250,000 of its income off your state return, and this plan does that. What it does not do is tax the income ABOVE $250,000 at Ohio's flat 3% business rate: it charges that at the 2.75% rate on other income instead, so above that line your Ohio tax is a little higher than this shows.
• A school district on the EARNED INCOME base taxes your pay and your business's earnings, and this plan has no row for one: if you live in such a district, your local tax is higher than this shows while you work. It never reaches your retirement income, so it stops when you stop.

Oklahoma

What it works out

• 4 tax brackets, starting with a band taxed at nothing, from 2.5% to 4.5%.
• Retirement income left out, in whole or up to a limit.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• A standard deduction.
• A personal exemption.

What it taxes in full

• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• Oklahoma's brackets, standard deduction, exemption and $10,000 retirement exclusion are all fixed in the statute and never adjusted for inflation. This plan shows that correctly, which means your Oklahoma tax rises in real terms every year even though the rate does not.
• Military retirement is fully exempt in Oklahoma, and this plan models that from what you told us about who pays each pension. If you did not tell us, we treat it as a private one — which is the cautious answer, and shows more Oklahoma tax than you will pay. An Oklahoma government or federal civil service pension shares the same $10,000 this plan already gives your other retirement income, so there is nothing extra to claim for one.
• Oklahoma lets you deduct the whole gain on Oklahoma real property you have held for five years, and this plan does not claim it: whether the property is in Oklahoma and how long you have owned it are facts about an asset this plan does not carry. If you sell a rental or a home here at a gain, your Oklahoma tax will be lower than this shows.
• The statute cuts the rates by a quarter point each time state revenue clears a trigger, checked every year, with the aim of phasing the tax out. This plan holds the 2026 rates for every year, because whether a trigger is met is a fact about a future year that nothing here can know, so if cuts come your Oklahoma tax will be lower than this shows.

Oregon

What it works out

• 4 tax brackets, from 4.75% to 9.9%.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• Your federal income tax deducted from state income.
• A standard deduction.
• A larger standard deduction once you are 65.
• Your county or city income tax, which you pick on the form.
• The cliffs where a dollar more of income costs a whole allowance.

What it taxes in full

• Money you take out of an IRA, a 401(k) or a pension, in full.
• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• Oregon charges an estate tax on anything over $1,000,000 — the lowest threshold of any state — at 10% rising to 16%, and this plan takes it off the estate you see. That $1,000,000 is per person and does not pass to a husband or wife, so a couple gets one of it, and it is never adjusted for inflation, so it reaches further down every year.
• Oregon lets you subtract the federal income tax you paid, up to $8,750, but that ceiling drops in five steps between $125,000 and $145,000 of income (double for a couple) and is gone above it. This plan models those steps, and they are a large part of an Oregon bill. What counts is Oregon's own figure: it includes the 10% federal tax on an early withdrawal from a retirement account, leaves out the federal tax on investment income and the extra 0.9% Medicare tax on high pay, and takes off any premium tax credit you get for marketplace cover — which before 65 often leaves nothing to subtract.
• Oregon's top 9.9% bracket starts at $125,000, or $250,000 for a couple, and has not moved in over a decade, and neither have the federal-tax phase-out bands or the cliff on the exemption credit at $100,000, or $200,000 for a couple. This plan shows that correctly, which means all three reach further down into an ordinary retirement income every year.
• Oregon's retirement income credit, 9% of your pension income reduced by your Social Security and by your household income, is not modeled. It is worth at most $675 to a single filer and fades quickly, so this plan shows a little more Oregon tax than you would pay.
• Oregon's 2026 exemption credit is $263 in the state's own withholding tables and $256 in a worked example the state did not update. This plan uses $263, and it will be confirmed when the 2026 Form OR-40 instructions publish.
• If you live in the Portland Metro district or Multnomah County you pay a further tax on Oregon taxable income above a high line: Metro charges 1% above $128,000 ($205,000 for a couple), and Multnomah County 1.5% above $125,000 ($200,000) and 3% above $250,000 ($400,000). Below those lines there is nothing to pay. This plan charges none unless you say where you live.
• While you work, Oregon takes 0.6% of your pay, up to $184,500, for Paid Leave Oregon, and 0.1% of all of it for the statewide transit tax, and this plan charges both. As a sole proprietor you pay no transit tax, and Paid Leave only if you chose to join.

Pennsylvania

What it works out

• A flat 3.07% on what the state counts as income.
• Retirement income left out, in whole or up to a limit.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• Your county or city income tax, which you pick on the form.

What it taxes in full

• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.
• Everything above the first dollar: no standard deduction and no personal exemption.

What this tool does not model here

• A Roth conversion out of an IRA or a 401(k) is not Pennsylvania income at any age, and this plan shows that. A conversion out of a government 457(b) plan before 60 is shown as taxable, because Pennsylvania's guidance on conversions does not reach one; if yours would not be taxed, your Pennsylvania tax in a year you convert one is lower than this shows.
• Pennsylvania's tax forgiveness credit (Schedule SP) is not included. It can wipe out the whole bill, but it is measured on your WHOLE income — your pay as much as your interest, dividends and realized gains, and some income that is never taxed at all. So a household with a full-time salary is nowhere near it, however small its investment income is; it is a retired household living on modest income for whom the state tax shown here may be more than it would actually pay.
• Your local earned income tax IS modeled, at 1% unless you tell us otherwise, and Philadelphia's wage tax at 3.735% if you live there. It reaches pay and a business's profit and stops when you stop working, so a retired household pays none of it. Two things about it are not modeled: the split between your municipality and your school district, which changes where the money goes and not what you owe, and Philadelphia's School Income Tax, which reaches dividends and some interest for city residents.
• Pennsylvania charges an inheritance tax on what you leave, and this plan takes it off the estate you see. It assumes your money goes to your children or grandchildren, who pay 4.5%. Nothing is charged on what passes to a husband or wife. If you are leaving it to a brother or sister instead the rate is 12%, and to anyone else 15%, so the estate shown here would be smaller.
• If you pay the inheritance tax within three months of a death Pennsylvania takes 5% off it. This plan does not count that discount, so the estate shown is a little lower than what your family would keep by paying early.
• While you work, Pennsylvania withholds 0.07% of all your pay for unemployment compensation, and this plan charges it. As a sole proprietor you pay none of it.

Rhode Island

What it works out

• 3 tax brackets, from 3.75% to 5.99%.
• Pension income left out, in whole or up to a limit.
• The cliffs where a dollar more of income costs a whole allowance.

What it taxes in full

• Social Security, to the extent your federal return taxes it.
• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.
• Everything above the first dollar: no standard deduction and no personal exemption.

What this tool does not model here

• Rhode Island charges an estate tax on anything over $1,838,056, and this plan takes it off the estate you see. That figure is per person and does not pass to a husband or wife, so a couple gets one of it. Rhode Island raises the credit behind that figure with inflation, but the tax table the credit is set against is fixed in dollars, so the figure itself rises more slowly than prices and reaches a little further down every year. This plan holds it steady in today's dollars, so for a large estate it may show less Rhode Island estate tax than will be due.
• Rhode Island exempts up to $50,000 a year of pension income per person at full retirement age, but only from a 401(k), a 403(b), a 457(b), a pension any employer pays you or an annuity, and NOT from an IRA. This plan keeps your employer-plan money and your IRA money as two balances, starting from the split you told us, and it chooses each year which one to draw from — so it takes the exemption out of the employer plan first, the way you would. It does not take the same fraction from each. Money you convert from the employer plan to a Roth counts toward it too, because Rhode Island's own guide says everything taxable on the pension line of your federal return qualifies. One footnote in that guide lists a completed rollover to an IRA as not qualifying; if Rhode Island reads that as covering a conversion to a Roth, your Rhode Island tax in a year you convert is higher than this shows. It is a cliff on federal adjusted gross income rather than a taper, and the law reads “less than”: at $107,000 single or $133,750 joint you have already lost all of it, not a dollar over. This plan keeps your income a cent below the line where that is worth doing.
• Rhode Island's Social Security exemption needs you to have reached full retirement age as well as income under $107,000 if you file alone or $133,750 if you file jointly — the same cliff as above, and the same “less than”. Both conditions are in this plan. From 2027 the age test disappears and this plan does not model that, so from then on it shows more Rhode Island tax than you will pay — up to about $3,970 a year for a couple under the threshold who are 65 or 66.
• Rhode Island's $50,000 pension cap is fixed in the statute and never adjusted for inflation, though the income threshold beside it is. This plan shows that correctly.
• The income thresholds for both modifications are the published 2025 figures, because Rhode Island publishes them about a year behind. Held steady in today's dollars, this plan's lines sit about one year's inflation below the real ones, roughly $2,800 for a single filer and $3,550 for a couple, so if you plan right up to a line you may have that much more room than this shows.
• Rhode Island's brackets are the same for a single filer and a married couple, with no doubling, so a couple pays noticeably more than two singles with the same incomes. This plan models that.
• A military service pension is completely exempt from Rhode Island tax — no cap, no age test, no income test — and this plan applies that from what you told us about who pays each pension. It does not use up any of the $50,000 above, and is not counted under it a second time, which is also what Rhode Island says.
• Rhode Island adds a surtax on income over $1,000,000: 1% from 2027, 2% from 2028 and 3% from 2029. This plan runs 2026 rules for every year, so it does not charge it. If your income reaches seven figures in any year of this plan, your Rhode Island tax there is higher than shown — by up to 3% of everything over the million. It is the one place this plan may show LESS Rhode Island tax than you owe.
• While you work, Rhode Island takes 1.1% of your pay, up to $100,000, for Temporary Disability Insurance, at most $1,100 a year, and this plan charges it. The $100,000 is a floor written into the law, and the plan treats it as fixed, so in today's money it shrinks a little every year; if the state's own formula rises past it, you will pay a little more than this shows. As a sole proprietor you pay none of it.

South Carolina

What it works out

• 2 tax brackets, from 1.99% to 5.21%.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• Part of your long-term capital gains left out.
• The state's own income adjustment.
• An extra deduction at 65.

What it taxes in full

• Money you take out of an IRA, a 401(k) or a pension, in full.

What this tool does not model here

• South Carolina's rates are legislated to fall whenever state revenue clears a trigger: the 5.21% toward 1.99%, and then the 1.99% itself toward zero. This plan holds 1.99% and 5.21% for every year, because whether a trigger is met is a fact about a future year that nothing here can know, so if cuts come your South Carolina tax will be lower than this shows.
• South Carolina lets each person under 65 deduct up to $3,000 of retirement income. This plan does not model it, so before 65 it shows up to about $156 a year more South Carolina tax than you would pay, or about $313 for a couple who both qualify. From 65 the plan is exact, except for a widow or widower with a survivor's pension: South Carolina lets them deduct up to $10,000 of it on top of their own $15,000, and this plan allows only the $15,000, so it may show up to about $520 a year too much.
• The South Carolina Income Adjusted Deduction and the $15,000 age deduction are fixed in the statute and are never adjusted for inflation, so both are worth less every year in real terms. This plan shows that.

South Dakota

What it works out

• No state income tax at all, so your plan here is the federal return.

What this tool does not model here

Nothing beyond the list above.

Tennessee

What it works out

• No state income tax at all, so your plan here is the federal return.

What this tool does not model here

Nothing beyond the list above.

Texas

What it works out

• No state income tax at all, so your plan here is the federal return.

What this tool does not model here

Nothing beyond the list above.

Utah

What it works out

• A flat 4.45% on what the state counts as income.
• A taxpayer credit against the tax.
• A credit for the Social Security you were taxed on.

What it taxes in full

• Social Security, to the extent your federal return taxes it.
• Money you take out of an IRA, a 401(k) or a pension, in full.
• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• Utah has no standard deduction and no personal exemption. Instead it gives a credit of 6% of your FEDERAL standard deduction, reduced by 1.3 cents for every dollar of Utah taxable income over about $18,213, or $36,426 for a couple. This plan models that, which is why your Utah tax can rise faster than the flat 4.45% rate suggests.
• Utah's Social Security credit gives back the state tax on your taxable benefit, reduced by 2.5 cents per dollar of income over $54,000 for a single filer, or $90,000 for a couple. Those thresholds are fixed in the statute and never adjusted for inflation, so the credit reaches fewer households every year.
• The separate $450 retirement credit for people born before 1953 is not modeled. Utah does not allow it alongside the Social Security credit, and the Social Security credit is usually the larger of the two.
• The phase-out thresholds for the taxpayer credit are the published 2025 figures; they are adjusted for inflation each year and Utah publishes the 2026 values in December 2026. Held steady in today's dollars, this plan's lines sit about one year's inflation below the real ones, roughly $500 for a single filer and $1,000 for a couple, so while the credit is fading this plan shows up to about $7 a year more Utah tax for a single filer, or $13 for a couple, than you would pay.
• Utah gives a $2,111 personal exemption for each dependent, which feeds the taxpayer credit rather than coming off your income. This plan does not, so if you have children at home it shows up to $127 a year more Utah tax for each of them — and nothing at all once your income is high enough that the credit has already faded away.

Vermont

What it works out

• 4 tax brackets, from 3.35% to 8.75%.
• Part of your capital gains left out.
• A standard deduction.
• A larger standard deduction once you are 65.
• A personal exemption.
• The cliffs where a dollar more of income costs a whole allowance.

What it taxes in full

• Social Security, to the extent your federal return taxes it.
• Money you take out of an IRA, a 401(k) or a pension, in full.

What this tool does not model here

• Vermont charges an estate tax of 16% on anything over $5,000,000, and this plan takes it off the estate you see. That $5,000,000 is per person and does not pass to a husband or wife, so a couple gets one of it. It is fixed in the statute and never adjusted for inflation, so it reaches further down every year, and this plan shows that.
• Vermont's Social Security exemption fades gradually between $55,000 and $65,000 of income, or between $70,000 and $80,000 if you are married filing jointly, and that fade is the one rule in the country this tool cannot price exactly. If your income this year lands in your own band, this plan declines to answer rather than guess. The band is fixed in the statute, so it reaches further down every year and a plan can pass through it later; in those years this plan charges as if the exemption were already gone, a little more Vermont tax than you would pay, and names the years. Outside the band the answer is exact.
• Once your federal adjusted gross income is over $150,000, Vermont charges the larger of its ordinary tax and 3% of that income. This plan does not compute the 3% minimum, so in a year your income is over the line it may show LESS Vermont tax than you would pay. The $150,000 is fixed in the statute and never adjusted for inflation, so in today's dollars it reaches further down every year.
• Vermont's 2026 rate schedules were not published when this was written; they are recovered exactly from the state's own withholding tables, by a method checked against 2025 first. The head-of-household schedule and the standard deduction are the published 2025 figures. Both are adjusted for inflation every year, so held steady in today's dollars they sit about a year's inflation below the real ones, and this plan shows a little more Vermont tax than you would pay, roughly $15 a year for a single filer or $30 for a couple.
• Vermont exempts a military pension in full below $125,000 of income, fading it away to nothing at $175,000, and this plan applies that from what you told us about who pays each pension. A survivor benefit counts too. The exemption is on top of the Social Security one, not instead of it, which is what the statute says.
• Vermont's $10,000 exclusion for a contributory government pension — a federal civil service annuity, or a state or local system whose members were outside Social Security — is NOT modeled, and the reason is the statute rather than the plan: you may claim only ONE of the Social Security, civil service and other-government exclusions, and this plan always claims the Social Security one. If your government pension is worth more than your Social Security exclusion, your Vermont tax will be lower than this shows. The military exemption is the one that stands outside that choice.
• Vermont's capital gains exclusion is $5,000 for a portfolio of listed securities, which this plan does model, though not the rule that it can be no more than 40% of your federal taxable income. In a year that income is under about $12,500, your Vermont tax may be a little higher than this shows.
• Vermont has a second capital gains exclusion — 40% of the gain on something you have held more than three years, which reaches a rental but not listed shares — and you may claim only one of the two. This plan always claims the $5,000 one, so if you sell a rental at a large gain your Vermont tax will be lower than this shows.
• While you work, Vermont's child care contribution can take up to 0.11% of your pay, with no ceiling, and this plan charges that much; your employer may pay it for you, and then you pay less than this shows. If you work for yourself, Vermont charges 0.11% of your net earnings with your income tax return, and the plan charges that too.

Virginia

What it works out

• 4 tax brackets, from 2% to 5.75%.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• A standard deduction.
• A personal exemption.
• An extra exemption at 65.
• An age deduction.

What it taxes in full

• Money you take out of an IRA, a 401(k) or a pension, in full.
• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• Virginia's standard deduction is $8,750 for 2026, or $17,500 for a couple. The law raises it to $9,200 ($18,400) in 2027 and $9,300 ($18,600) in 2028 and 2029, then drops it to $3,000 ($6,000) from 2030 unless the General Assembly acts again. This plan holds the 2026 figure every year, so it shows a little more Virginia tax than you would pay from 2027 to 2029, and from 2030 up to about $330 a year less for a single filer, or $660 for a couple, than the law as it stands would charge.
• Virginia's brackets, exemptions and age deduction are all fixed in dollars and have never been adjusted for inflation: the top bracket has started at $17,000 since 1990. This plan shows that correctly, which means your Virginia tax rises in real terms every year.
• Virginia has no exclusion for pension or retirement income beyond the age deduction, so withdrawals from an IRA or a 401(k) are taxed in full. Military retirement has its own subtraction and is not modeled.
• If you were born on or before January 1, 1939, Virginia gives you the whole $12,000 age deduction however high your income. This plan applies the income-tested version to everyone, so someone aged 88 or over in 2026 may pay up to about $690 a year less Virginia tax than this shows.
• Virginia's new paid family and medical leave program will take up to half of its premium from your pay from April 2028. The rate is not set yet (it is due by October 2027), so this plan charges nothing for it, and if you are still working then, you will pay a little more than this shows.

Washington

What it works out

• 3 tax brackets, starting with a band taxed at nothing, from 7% to 9.9%.

What it taxes in full

• Social Security, to the extent your federal return taxes it.
• Money you take out of an IRA, a 401(k) or a pension, in full.
• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.
• Everything above the first dollar: no standard deduction and no personal exemption.

What this tool does not model here

• Washington's capital gains standard deduction is the 2025 figure of $278,000; the 2026 amount had not been published when this was written. It is adjusted for inflation each year, so a large gain is taxed very slightly high here.
• Washington charges an estate tax on anything over $3,000,000, at 10% rising to 20%, and this plan takes it off the estate you see. That $3,000,000 is per person and does not pass to a husband or wife, so a couple gets one of it. It is no longer adjusted for inflation, so it reaches further down every year, and this plan shows that.
• The extra 2.9% Washington charges on gains above $1,000,000 starts at a figure frozen in law, so it falls in real terms every year and this plan shows that. It falls very slightly too fast: the figure in the file is the frozen million plus the inflation-adjusted $278,000 deduction, and this plan erodes the whole of it rather than only the frozen part. If you expect to realize a gain near or above a million dollars in one year, treat the tax on it as very slightly overstated.
• From 2028 Washington also taxes income over $1,000,000 a year at 9.9%, with one $1,000,000 deduction for a household whether you file alone or together, adjusted for inflation every two years. This plan does not charge it, so in a year your income is over that line your Washington tax will be higher than this shows.
• While you work, Washington takes two premiums from your pay, and this plan charges both: 0.81% for Paid Family and Medical Leave on pay up to $184,500, at most $1,489.21 a year, and 0.58% of all your pay for WA Cares, the long-term care fund. If you have an exemption from WA Cares, you pay less than this shows. As a sole proprietor you pay neither unless you chose to join, and Washington treats the owner of a limited liability company as self-employed even when it is taxed as an S corporation, so if yours is one you may pay less than this shows.

West Virginia

What it works out

• 5 tax brackets, from 2.11% to 4.58%.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• A personal exemption.

What it taxes in full

• Money you take out of an IRA, a 401(k) or a pension, in full.
• Your capital gains, at the same rate as everything else.

What this tool does not model here

• West Virginia's $8,000 senior citizen modification is not included. Each of you aged 65 or more has one, taken from your own income and reduced by the Social Security this plan already subtracts for you, which is the part of your benefit the federal return taxes. So it is worth its whole amount in a year you are 65 or older and have not yet claimed Social Security, and something when little of your benefit is federally taxed; in those years you may pay up to about $366 a year less than this plan shows for each of you.
• West Virginia's income tax bands are fixed in dollars and are never adjusted for inflation. This plan shows that correctly, which means your West Virginia tax rises in real terms every year even though the rates do not.
• West Virginia has no general exclusion for pension or retirement income, so withdrawals from an IRA or a 401(k) are taxed in full. Military retirement comes out in full and a public pension gets the first $2,000 each, and this plan applies both from what you told us about who pays each pension.
• West Virginia exempts its police, firefighter, state police and deputy sheriff pensions in FULL, with no $2,000 limit. This plan cannot tell one West Virginia public pension from another, so it gives all of them the $2,000 — if yours is one of those, you will pay less West Virginia tax than this shows.
• West Virginia gives a $2,000 personal exemption for you, your spouse and each dependent, fixed in the statute. This plan grants it for you and your spouse but not for children, so if you have children at home it shows about $92 a year more West Virginia tax for each of them than you will pay. Nor does it grant the extra exemption a surviving spouse keeps for the two years after a death.

Wisconsin

What it works out

• 4 tax brackets, from 3.5% to 7.65%.
• Social Security taken out of the state's income.
• Retirement income left out, in whole or up to a limit.
• Part of your long-term capital gains left out.
• A standard deduction.
• A personal exemption.
• An extra exemption at 65.

What this tool does not model here

• Claiming Wisconsin's $24,000 retirement subtraction means giving up every Wisconsin income tax credit for that year. This plan always claims the subtraction and does not model those credits, so if you would qualify for the homestead credit or the married-couple credit, your Wisconsin tax may differ from what is shown.
• The $24,000 retirement subtraction (up to $24,000 for each of you 67 or older, so up to $48,000 for a couple) and the $700 exemption are fixed in the statute and are not adjusted for inflation, so they are worth less every year in real terms. This plan shows that.
• Military and uniformed services retirement is exempt from Wisconsin tax in full, with no age or income test, and this plan applies that from what you told us about who pays each pension. The $24,000 retirement subtraction then applies to whatever is left, which is what Wisconsin's own guidance says: it does not reach income already excluded under another rule.
• Wisconsin also exempts certain federal, state and local pensions in full, but only if you retired from that system before 1964 or were a member of it at the end of 1963. This plan does not ask when you served, so it does not claim that one — if it is yours, you will pay less Wisconsin tax than this shows.
• Wisconsin gives an exemption of $700 for each dependent. This plan does not, so if you have children at home it shows about $42 a year more Wisconsin tax for each of them than you will pay.

Wyoming

What it works out

• No state income tax at all, so your plan here is the federal return.

What this tool does not model here

Nothing beyond the list above.